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Cover of "The Standard Production Reference," missing front label.
Collection of Virginia Mahoney
Cover label: Collection of J.J. Sedelmaier.
THIS JUST IN! J.J. Sedelmaier noticed I was missing the label on the cover – and sent me a scan of his label. What a gift! Now I know for certain the year it was first officially distributed…1940. Thanks J.J.!
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This document, ‘The Standard Production Reference,’ often
referred to as ‘The Bible’ was in use at Fleischer Studios by 1940. It was
developed by Seymour Kneitel and Izzy Sparber for the use of “animator’s and
their assistants.” Originally intended for Fleischer Studios staff it continued
in use as the official manual for Famous Studios as well. The need for such a
document shows how complex the industry had become since the animated films of the early 1900’s.
In a 1935 article published in Fleischer Animated News and written by animator Bill Turner, he reflected on
the earlier less complex days of a fledgling animation industry…..
“All that was needed to go into business in those days was a
Parker pen and pencil set. There were no separate departments, everyone working
in one room about as large as a good sized doll house. Such departments as Music,
Story, Timing and Background were unheard of....... The pictures were run on a portable projector against a wall. In place
of a dark room, the camera magazines were loaded in a black bag or overcoat.”
By 1935 when Bill Turner wrote the above, the animation
industry had evolved to a much higher level of complexity with separate
departments for such functions as story, animation, inking, paint mixing,
opaquing, background, timing and music. In addition the increasing popularity
of animated films led to increases in staff size (when Fleischer Studios moved
to Florida to make Gulliver’s Travels in 1938 their staff grew to over 700
employees). All this growth created a need to formalize procedures to insure an
orderly flow of work within a studio.
Several studios developed some form of in house ‘manual’ to
answer this need. The Fleischer Studios manual, ‘The Bible,’ is sixty-one pages
long. In addition to detailing procedures, it provides sample jobsheets to
accompany work as it moves through departments, includes guidelines for dealing
with special effects, and information on the use and limitations of various
special animation cameras (Approach, Large Field, Set-Back etc.), plus a myriad
of other issues that are reflected in the index (below). Since ‘The Bible’ was
such an excellent guide to animation production in general it was often used as
a reference by other animation studios.
Animation historian Mark Langer notes that “… the Standard
Production Reference later became a guide
by which other animation companies were organized or by which they regularized
production….. For at least thirty seven years after the demise of the Fleischer
Studios, “The Bible” was the most commonly used reference work within New York
animation studios.”
This is the first of two posts containing selected pages
from that document. These pages
show how complex the animation field had become by 1940, and the broad knowledge
now required of an animator. Next week I’ll post more pages …
check the index (below) and if there’s a particular area not included here you would
like to see let me know and I will oblige……. BTW: you can click on individual pages to enlarge for ease of reading.
Reference material:
Article: “The Good Old Bad Days” by Bill Turner - Fleischer
Animated News, Vol. 1 No.3, February 1935
Article: “Institutional Power and the Fleischer Studios: The
Standard Production Reference,“by Mark Langer: Cinema Journal, University of Texas Press, Vol. 30, No.2 (Winter,
1991)
